Phyllis2

Rape stalk (#3162)

ID-number	#3162
Material	Rape stalk
Alternative name	Rape straw
Description	Rape stalk
Classification	CEN/TS 14961 classification ▸ Solid biofuels ▸ Herbaceous biomass ▸ Agriculture and Horticulture herb ▸ Oil seed crops ▸ Stalks and leaves
	ECN Phyllis classification ▸ straw (stalk/cob/ear) ▸ rape ▸ rape
	NTA 8003 classification ▸ [200] biomassa uit land- en tuinbouw ▸ [220] stro ▸ [229] overig stro
Sample date	1996-01-01
Sample location	Finland
Sample lot size	0,2-1 m3
Country	Finland
Submitter	VTT
Submitter organisation	ECN (Netherlands)
Submission date	2008-09-01
Remarks	ash data, taken from original publication, added by ECN in 2012
Literature	C. Wilén, A. Moilanen and E. Kurkula: Biomass feedstock analyses, VTT publications 282, Espoo 1996.

Property				Unit	Value			Std dev	Det lim	Lab	Date	Method	Remarks
Property				Unit	ar	dry	daf	Std dev	Det lim	Lab	Date	Method	Remarks
Fuel Properties
	Proximate Analysis
		Moisture content		wt%	8.35
		Volatile matter		wt%	72.59	79.20	81.53
		Ash content at 550°C		wt%	2.62	2.86						CEN/TS 14775
		Fixed carbon		wt%	16.44	17.94	18.47					Calculated
	Ultimate Analysis
		Carbon		wt%	44.08	48.10	49.52					CEN/TS 15104
		Hydrogen		wt%	5.41	5.90	6.07					CEN/TS 15104
		Nitrogen		wt%	0.07	0.08	0.08					CEN/TS 15104
		Sulphur		wt%	0.19	0.21	0.22					CEN/TS15289
		Total (with halides)		wt%	60.82	57.25	55.99					Calculated
	Calorific Values
		Net calorific value (LHV)		MJ/kg	16.33	18.04	18.57					CEN/TS 14918
		Gross calorific value (HHV)		MJ/kg	17.72	19.33	19.90
Chemical Analyses
	Halides
		Chlorine (Cl)		mg/kg	884.4	965.0	993.4						neutron activation
	Major elements
		Potassium (K)		mg/kg (dry)	5 768.0								neutron activation
		Sodium (Na)		mg/kg (dry)	166.0								neutron activation
Physical Properties
	Ash melting behaviour
		American standard method, measured in oxidizing conditions
			IDT (initial deformation temperature)	°C	1 500							ASTM D 1857	Leo AF-600
			FT (fluid temperature)	°C	1 600							ASTM D 1857	Leo AF-600
		American standard method, measured in reducing conditions
			IDT (initial deformation temperature)	°C	1 610							ASTM D 1857	Leo AF-600
			FT (fluid temperature)	°C	1 630							ASTM D 1857	Leo AF-600
	Commonly used properties
		Bulk density (ar)		kg/m³ (ar)	110								loose, not shaken
Ash Properties
	Ash composition
		SO₃		wt% (ash)	10.74
		P₂O₅		wt% (ash)	8.94
		SiO₂		wt% (ash)	3.21
		Fe₂O₃		wt% (ash)	0.94
		Al₂O₃		wt% (ash)	0.47
		CaO		wt% (ash)	29.38
		MgO		wt% (ash)	0.63
		Na₂O		wt% (ash)	0.35
		K₂O		wt% (ash)	16.86
		TiO₂		wt% (ash)	0.07